TO STUDY THE DISTRIBUTION AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF THYROID LESIONS: A STUDY FROM KOTA

Abstract

Thyroid disorders encompass a broad range from hormonal dysfunction and autoimmune enlargement to tumor formation. Hence, we aimed to study the frequency and histo-morphological pattern of various non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions and finding out the most prone age group for these lesions so as to target them for various screening programmes for early detection of non-neoplastic and neoplastic distribution and histopathological spectrum of thyroid lesions. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a span of two years, from 2022 to 2023, 165 thyroidectomy samples were examined. The ages of the patients ranged between 10 and 72 years, with the highest incidence of thyroid conditions observed between the second and sixth decades of life, comprising 93.33% of cases. The majority of patients were female, representing 84%, while males accounted for 16%, resulting in a female-to-male ratio of 5:1.Non-neoplastic thyroid conditions were more prevalent, making up 80.62% (133 cases) of the specimens, whereas neoplastic lesions accounted for 19.38% (32 cases). Among the non-neoplastic types, multinodular goitre was the most frequently diagnosed (42.85%), followed by colloid goitre (27.07%). These lesions primarily appeared in patients aged between the third and fifth decades and demonstrated a strong female predominance (83.87%). Neoplastic lesions were present in a minority of cases (19.38%), comprising 28.13% benign, 9.37% low-risk, and 62.5% malignant tumors. Across all specimens studied, multinodular goitre was the most common pathological finding, seen in 35.76% of cases, followed by colloid goitre (21.81%), papillary carcinoma and its variants (10.91%), and Hashimoto thyroiditis (10.91%). Other identified conditions included mixed lesions (5.47%), follicular adenoma (4.24%), colloid cysts (3.65%), thyroglossal cysts (1.83%), oncocytic adenoma (1.21%), non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (1.21%), follicular tumors of uncertain malignant potential (0.6%), toxic multinodular goitre (0.6%), De Quervain thyroiditis (0.6%), follicular carcinoma (0.6%), and medullary carcinoma (0.6%). Among malignant lesions, papillary carcinoma was the most frequently observed. The study emphasizes the importance of adhering to WHO guidelines for uniform reporting and calls for continued research into the molecular mechanisms behind thyroid pathology to refine diagnosis, improve treatment, and enhance patient care