Comparison of Cord Blood Lipid Profile in Term Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA) Babies

Abstract

Background: Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are at increased risk of
developing metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Emerging
evidence suggests that altered lipid metabolism may begin in utero. Comparing cord
blood lipid profiles of SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates may
provide insights into early metabolic programming.
Objective: To compare the cord blood lipid profile, including total cholesterol,
triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
levels, between term SGA and AGA newborns.
Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 100 term neonates (50
SGA and 50 AGA) delivered at a tertiary care center. Cord blood samples were
collected immediately after birth. Lipid parameters were analyzed using enzymatic
colorimetric methods. Statistical comparison was done using unpaired t-test or
Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate.
Results: Mean total cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher in SGA
neonates compared to AGA neonates (p < 0.05). HDL and triglyceride levels were
lower in the SGA group, though not statistically significant. The atherogenic index
(TC/HDL) was significantly elevated in SGA babies.
Conclusion: Term SGA neonates exhibit altered lipid profiles at birth, indicating
early atherogenic risk. Cord blood lipid analysis may serve as a useful early
biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification in newborns.