A STUDY OF ECG & 2D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE

Abstract

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are prevalent in this population and may serve as early indicators of underlying cardiac pathology. Objectives: To evaluate ECG parameters and rhythm abnormalities in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis, and to assess their association with age and comorbidities. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 70 ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis. Basic ECG parameters such as heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, and corrected QT (QTc) interval were analyzed. Rhythm disturbances were categorized by age groups. Comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease, were documented and analyzed by sex. Results: Hypertension was present in all patients (100%). Diabetes mellitus (57.1%) and coronary artery disease (31.4%) were significantly more prevalent in males than females (p=0.014 and p<0.001, respectively). The mean heart rate was 77.3 ± 8.1 bpm, mean PR interval 165.9 ± 12.4 ms, QRS duration 94.6 ± 9.8 ms, QT interval 397.2 ± 24.7 ms, and QTc interval 421.6 ± 25.1 ms. Sinus rhythm was observed in 72.9% of patients, while atrial fibrillation was noted in 27.1%. A significant agerelated increase in atrial fibrillation was observed (p<0.001), with the highest prevalence in patients aged ≥70 years. Conclusion: ECG abnormalities, particularly atrial fibrillation and QTc prolongation, are common in ESRD patients on hemodialysis and show a strong association with advancing age. Regular ECG monitoring is essential for early identification and management of cardiovascular risks in this population.